Analysis of Classical and Neoclassical Approaches in Business

Analysis of Classical Approaches

The classical approaches of organisational theory hereby include conventional and authentic, that are designed while taking into due account the economical as well as physical needs of individuals. These approaches do not consider job satisfaction, any kind of social need etc. Some of the most crucial and relevant classical approaches have been discussed in detailed manner as follows:-

Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) - Scientific Management

Scientific Management theory was coined by Frederick Winslow Taylor. He is regarded as the Father of SM. This approach is also referred to  as Taylorism. The premise of this theory is maximisation of efficiency, especially the output delivered by labour force by effectively applying the approach within organisational confines. The main focus hereby is to inflate the operational efficiency and effectiveness of workers by rendering them training sessions. This develops equilibrium between the interest of employer and workforce. Over the course of time, this theory has undergone transformation in the sense that it now put emphasis over technological elements to become aligned with the present scenario. It has created alterations within the traditional approach, thereby facilitating the recognition of initiatives as well as efforts put forth by workforce for completion of tasks and activities. Scientific management has reached to a point that it is now disrupted with new technologies and transformation.

Henry Fayol (1841-1925) - Principles of Organisation

14 principles of management were devised by Henry Fayol, regarded as the Father of Modern Management. These are the principles that tend to provide guidance to manager of a company in facilitating strong correspondence with manpower. Besides this, 6 functions starting from forecast and ending at control of actual yield are also a part of the theory given by Fayol. The primal focus of this theory is enabling the top management of a company to come up with alterations within the premises together with effective decision making. The analysis of this theory reaches to the conclusion that this approach is altered over the course of time with the inclusion of significance of workforce. Each individual within an entity holds certain rights that can be leveraged by them during their course of time within the company. It is essential that the personnel pertinent to a company are given some authority so that they can effectively execute their business activities on time. This renders due satisfaction to them owing to which they exhibit their full potential in accomplishment of corporate goals and objectives.

Max Weber (1864-1920) - Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy theory was devised by a German sociologist Max Weber. As per the premise of this theory, it is acknowledged that personnel are allotted task by facilitating sync and cooperation among them. Hereby, the authority within the confines of a corporation is divided into 3 parts, namely, traditional, bureaucratic and charismatic. With the passage of time, this theory has largely evolved and a number of aspects have been incorporated with a view to accomplish the corporate goals and objectives. Thus, enhanced focus is provided upon bureaucratic goals by acting within the constraints of cost for achieving them within due course of time.

Analysis of Neoclassical Approaches

Neoclassical approaches are regarded to be the extended form of classical theories that tend to integrate behavioural science and management. The basic premise of these theories is that organisational efficiency is affected by the practices undertaken by workforce pertaining to the company. With respect to this, some of the neoclassical approaches are explained in brief as follows:-

The Human Relations School (1930s Onward)- Elton Mayo

This theory was coined in the era of industrial revolution. This works on perceptions held by the manpower, putting forth that each and every person possesses intent to be included within the supportive team. This is a team which is created to provide assistance to the organisation in enabling growth and development of firm with the passage of time. The personnel belonging to an enterprise strive to gain special attention as this provides them with the boost to work with high efficiency. With the inflexion of time, the alteration that has come within this theory is that prosperity of employer as well as workforce must be maximised. In this regard, the scope which was earlier confined to well being of the workforce has altered and incorporated increment of efficiency also within it. 

Maslow Theory of Motivation

It was coined by Abraham Maslow whose primal focus is upon the fulfilment of human needs for the purpose of instilling motivation within them. This theory shapes the needs in the form of a pyramid whereby the lower level needs should be satisfied first. The 5 level of needs are acknowledged to be psychological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisations needs. This theory has been transformed according to the changes in the business environment, and it can be gathered that organisation should not put aside the self-actualisation needs aside in order to meet the organisational goals and objectives.

McGregor Contingency Theory

Douglas McGregor devised 2 theories, namely, Theory X and Theory Y. These encompass authoritarian and participative management styles. The theory composite of these 2 internal theories seeks to facilitate equilibrium between systems and freedom for achievement of goal. Motivation is regarded to be an essential factor to make the employees work as per the organisational requirements. McGregor Contingency Theory has encountered several alterations which are not aligned with globalisation. Thus, certain new challenges as well as areas are included within this theory. This includes the contemporary issues linked to society. This reflects the extension of scope that has been facilitated within the theory to derive positive results for the company.

Forces that contribute to shaping of organisation

Customer Oriented

This is associated with customers who are regarded to be the most essential element for a corporation. Companies across the globe devise strategic course of action in order to cater to the needs and demands of their target customers in an effective manner. Thus, customer base is that part of a corporation which provides direction to the entity towards which all the efforts as well as initiatives should be aligned. The main aim in this regard is to derive maximum contentment from clientele so that they can be retained for a long period of time in future.

Culture Excellence Approach

It is aligned with the culture prevailing within the confines of an organisation. An enterprise is constituted of large quantum of individuals which pertain to diverse set of cultural backgrounds. The differences between their backgrounds tend to result in issues between them and divergence within their overall mindset. To address this, cultural excellence approach is implemented by companies, which seeks to provide assistance to individuals belonging to a company in gaining knowledge of the operational environment and working conditions. In this regard, strategies are devised to create an environment which makes employees from different backgrounds comfortable to work with each other. This emphasises upon development of an organisational theory culture which does not support bias or prejudice. When importance is given to creation of suitable atmosphere for employees, personnel get motivated and work with their full energy for the accomplishment of goals.

The Japanese Approach

This is focussed upon the quality of manufacturing procedure. As per The Japanese Approach, an entity must exhibit effective control over the quality of offerings produced and delivered by company to customers. This is done by setting quality standards for production and ensuring that these are met properly. Even if deviations exist, the extent should be quite low to ensure that the quality is capable of catering to the needs and preferences of customers. By focussing upon the quality, an entity is able to build a positive image of it in the mindsets of clientele.

Organisational learning

This can be regarded as the manner by which the management of an entity is able to gain knowledge of the company and its efficiency. This provides aid to the corporation in gaining knowledge of the aspects which can be enhanced with the course of time and emergence of need. Hereby, the administration is required to apply the existent knowledgebase as well as tactic with a view to close the gap lying between operational conditions and innovation. There are 3 actions, namely, conceiving, acting and reflecting. Each task begins with an idea that is executed with the help of an effective plan which is formulated on a prior basis. Post this, reflection takes place. Organisational learning provides assistance in throwing upon the positives and negatives of the operations of a firm. When the shortcomings are determined in a timely manner, initiative are taken to enhance them with implementation of effective concepts and management theories. Further, different types of leadership styles can be executed as per the situation prevailing within the premises to provide guidance and boost to the employees. This makes them work efficiently towards the realisation of corporate goal.

Power Politics Perspectives

This is associated with the disbursal of authority within the confines of a company. In this regard, there are usually 3 main layers within the organisational hierarchy that have the power to devise decisions for a company. Apart from this, politics is associated with the behavioural patterns of people who assume power within an entity. It can be positive or negative. It is essential that top management of a firm strives to facilitate positive politics. There needs to be equilibrium between power and politics so as to ensure smooth flow of operations within the company along with entailment of adequate support from the employees.

Modernist Postmodernist

The concept of postmodernist was coined in the era of 1920s. This encompasses the aspects associated with socio economic climate of a company. This approach lays down the rules and regulations that have to be adhered to by the workforce. This also stipulates the managerial approaches that must be undertaken by personnel pertaining to the corporation. This is an enhanced version of modernist management, consisting of an array of modern approaches that can be applied within a company.

Importance of Technology

Technology is regarded to be a crucial part of every company that encompasses the advancements which come up at market and can be implemented within the confines of the company. An entity should always look forward to implementing the latest techniques and systems within the premises as this is considered to be an effective initiative towards dealing with deviations or loss. In addition to this, it can be said that there is high probability of suffering from losses if a company fails to stay aligned with the introduction and execution of latest technologies within the premises.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of above discussion, it can be said that organisational theories provide a base as per which the behavioural characteristics and patterns of individuals as well as groups can be analysed. Over the course of time, these theories have undergone massive alteration which has changed their existent scope and provided a new direction to the companies which have implemented these theories within the confines of their premise. The implementation of these theories is aimed at increment of output delivered by employees as well as development of effective relations between employer and employees.

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